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NEW QUESTION # 31
Which one of the following is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based Spectrum Analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter?
- A. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs
- B. A directional antenna
- C. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter
- D. An 802.11 wireless adaptor
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
An 802.11 wireless adaptor is required for Wi-Fi integration in laptop-based spectrum analyzer software in addition to the spectrum analysis adapter. The spectrum analysis adapter is a hardware device that captures the RF signals in the wireless environment and sends them to the spectrum analyzer software for analysis and display. The 802.11 wireless adapter is a hardware device that connects the laptop to the wireless network and allows the spectrum analyzer software to correlate the RF data with the Wi-Fi data, such as SSID, channel, and BSSID. This enables the spectrum analyzer software to provide more context and insight into the spectrum activity and its impact on the Wi-Fi network. A firmware upgrade for the spectrum analysis adapter is not required for Wi-Fi integration, but it may be needed to fix bugs or add features to the device. A directional antenna is an antenna that focuses the RF energy in a specific direction and has a high gain and a narrow beamwidth. A directional antenna can be used with a spectrum analysis adapter to pinpoint the location or source of interference or noise in the wireless environment, but it is not required for Wi-Fi integration. SNMP read credentials to the WLAN controller or APs are not required for Wi-Fi integration, but they may be useful for obtaining additional information about the wireless network configuration and performance from the network devices.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 123 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 4.2: Integrate Wi-Fi data with spectrum analysis data CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 131
NEW QUESTION # 32
How does a VoIP Phone, using WMM Power Save, request data frames buffered at the AP?
- A. The VoIP phone transmits a WMM Action frame
- B. The VoIP phone sets the More Data bit in the MAC Header to 1
- C. The VoIP phone transmits a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame
- D. The VoIP phone transmits a PS-Poll frame
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A VoIP phone, using WMM Power Save, requests data frames buffered at the AP by transmitting a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame. WMM Power Save is a power saving mode that allows a STA (station) to conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. WMM Power Save is based on WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia), which is a QoS (Quality of Service) enhancement that provides prioritized and differentiated access to the medium fordifferent types of traffic. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a trigger frame to the AP, indicating its AC (Access Category), which is a logical queue that corresponds to its QoS level. A trigger frame can be either a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame, depending on whether it has any payload or not. The AP then responds with one or more data frames from the same AC as the trigger frame, followed by an ACK or BA (Block Acknowledgement) frame from the STA. The other options are not correct, as they are not used by a VoIP phone using WMM Power Save to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is used by a STA using legacy power save mode, not WMM Power Save mode, to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll frame does not indicate any AC or QoS information. Setting the More Data bit in the MAC header to 1 does not request any data frames from the AP, but indicates that there are more data frames to be sent by the STA or received by the STA.
Transmitting a WMM Action frame does not request any data frames from the AP, but performs various management actions related to WMM features, such as admission control, parameter update, etc. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page
198-199
NEW QUESTION # 33
What should the To DS and From DS flags be to set to in an Association Response frame?
- A. To DS = 1, From DS = 1
- B. To DS - 1, From DS = 0
- C. To DS = 0, From DS = 1
- D. To DS - 0, From DS = 0
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The To DS and From DS flags should be set to 0 in an Association Response frame. An Association Response frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to accept or reject an association request from a STA. The To DS (To Distribution System) and From DS (From Distribution System) flags are two bits in the Frame Control field of the MAC header that indicate whether a frame is destined for or originated from the DS (Distribution System), which is a system that connects multiple BSSs together. The To DS and From DS flags can have four possible combinations: 00, 01, 10, or 11. For an Association Response frame, which is sent from an AP to a STA within a BSS, both flags should be set to 0. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 121-122
NEW QUESTION # 34
In what scenario is Open Authentication without encryption not allowed based on the 802.11 standard?
- A. When operating a BSS in the 6 GHz band
- B. When operating a BSS in FIPS mode
- C. When operating a BS5 in the CBRS band
- D. When operating a BSS in a government facility
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Open Authentication without encryption is not allowed when operating a BSS in the 6 GHz band, according to the 802.11 standard. Open Authentication is a type of authentication method that does not require any credentials or security information from a STA (station) to join a BSS (Basic Service Set). Open Authentication can be used with or without encryption, depending on the configuration of the BSS and the STA. Encryption is a technique that scrambles the data frames using an algorithm and a key to prevent unauthorized access or eavesdropping. However, in the 6 GHz band, which is a newly available frequency band for WLANs, OpenAuthentication without encryption is prohibited by the 802.11 standard, as it poses security and interference risks for other users and services in the band. The 6 GHz band requires all WLANs to use WPA3-Personal or WPA3-Enterprise encryption methods, which are more secure and robust than previous encryption methods such as WPA2 or WEP. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe scenarios where Open Authentication without encryption is not allowed by the 802.11 standard. When operating a BSS in the CBRS band, which is another newly available frequency band for WLANs, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not recommended, as it also poses security and interference risks for other users and services in the band. When operating a BSS in FIPS mode, which is a mode that complies with the Federal Information Processing Standards for cryptographic security, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not compliant, as it does not meet the FIPS requirements for encryption algorithms and keys. When operating a BSS in a government facility, Open Authentication without encryption is allowed, but not advisable, as it may violate the government policies or regulations for wireless security. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 220-221
NEW QUESTION # 35
What is the function of the PHY Preamble?
- A. Allows the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal
- B. To set the modulation method for the MPDU
- C. Carries the NDP used in Transmit Beamforming and MU-MIMO
- D. To terminate a conversation between transmitter and receiver
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The function of the PHY preamble is to allow the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to adjust its parameters, such as frequency, timing, and gain, to match the incoming signal. The PHY preamble also helps the receiver to estimate the channel conditions and noise level. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4:
802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100
NEW QUESTION # 36
When performing protocol analysis, you notice a high number of RTS/CTS frames being transmitted on an HT network. You suspect this may be due to HT protection mechanisms. Where in the Beacon frame would you look to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in?
- A. HT Information Element
- B. Non-HT Present Element
- C. HT Operation Element
- D. HT Protection Element
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
When performing protocol analysis, you would look at the HT Information Element in the Beacon frame to determine which one of the four HT protection modes the AP is operating in. The HT Information Element contains various subfields that provide information about the HT network configuration and operation. One of these subfields is the HT Protection field, which indicates whether any protection mechanisms are required for mixed-mode operation with non-HT STAs. The four possible values for this field are:
No Protection: No protection mechanisms are required.
Non-member Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions.
20 MHz Protection: RTS/CTS or CTS-to-self protection is required for all HT transmissions using a 40 MHz channel.
Non-HT Mixed Mode: All HT transmissions must use a non-HT preamble and header . References:
CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11:
802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 378; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 11: 802.11n/ac/ax PHYsical Layer Frame Exchanges, page 379.
NEW QUESTION # 37
Prior to a retransmission what happens to the CWmax value?
- A. Increases by 1
- B. Set to the value of the AIFSN
- C. Reset to 0
- D. Doubles and increases by 1
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Before a retransmission, the CWmax (Contention Window maximum) value doubles and increases by 1. The CWmax is a parameter that determines the upper limit of the random backoff time that a STA (station) has to wait before attempting to access the medium. The random backoff time is chosen from a range of values between CWmin (Contention Window minimum) and CWmax. The CWmin and CWmax values depend on the AC (Access Category) of the traffic and the PHY type of the STA. If a transmission fails due to a collision or an error, the STA has to retransmit the frame after waiting for another random backoff time. However, to reduce the probability of another collision, the STA increases its CWmax value by doubling it and adding 1.
This increases the range of possible backoff values and spreads out the STAs more evenly. The STA resets its CWmax value to its original value after a successful transmission or after reaching a predefined limit. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page
196-197
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which one of the following is not a valid acknowledgement frame?
- A. CTS
- B. RTS
- C. Block Ack
- D. Ack
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
RTS is not a valid acknowledgement frame. RTS stands for Request To Send, and it is a control frame that is used to initiate an RTS/CTS exchange before sending a data frame. The purpose of an RTS/CTS exchange is to reserve the medium for a data transmission and avoid collisions with hidden nodes. An acknowledgement frame is a control frame that is used to confirm the successful reception of a data frame or a block of data frames. The valid acknowledgement frames are CTS (Clear To Send), Ack (Acknowledgement), and Block Ack (Block Acknowledgement) . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 186; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 187; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 189; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 190.
NEW QUESTION # 39
Which one of the following portions of information is communicated by bits in the PHY Header?
- A. SNR
- B. Noise
- C. Signal strength
- D. Data rate
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
One of the information that is communicated by bits in the PHY header is data rate. Data rate is the speed at which data is transmitted or received over the wireless medium. Data rate depends on factors such as modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard interval. Data rate is indicated by bits in different fields of the PHY header, depending on the type of PPDU (e.g., OFDM, HT, VHT, HE). The receiver uses these bits to determine how to decode and demodulate the rest of the PPDU. The other options are not correct, as they are not communicated by bits in the PHY header. SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), noise, and signal strengthare measured by the receiver based on its own capabilities and environment. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 101-105
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which one of the following statements is not true concerning DTIMs?
- A. Buffered Broadcast and Multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM
- B. Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM
- C. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Map
- D. The DTIM interval can dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to beacon frames
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Every Beacon frame must contain a DTIM is not a true statement concerning DTIMs. DTIM stands for Delivery Traffic Indication Message, and it is a subfield within the TIM (Traffic Indication Map) element in a Beacon frame. The DTIM indicates how many Beacon frames (including the current one) will appear before the next DTIM. For example, if the DTIM interval is set to 3, it means that every third Beacon frame will contain a DTIM. Buffered broadcast and multicast traffic will be transmitted following a DTIM, so that STAs in power save mode can wake up and receive them. The DTIM interval can also dictate when an STA will wake up to listen to Beacon frames, as some STAs may choose to only listen to Beacon frames that contain a DTIM . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter
6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 200; CWAP-404 CertifiedWireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 201.
NEW QUESTION # 41
A PHY Header is added to the PSDU at which layer?
- A. MAC
- B. Network
- C. LLC
- D. PHY
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A PHY header is added to the PSDU at the PHY layer. A PHY header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate. The PHY header is added by the PHY layer when it converts a PSDU to a PPDU for transmission, or removed by the PHY layer when it converts a PPDU to a PSDU for reception. The other layers do not add or remove a PHY header. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 42
You're the WLAN administrator for a large retailer based at the HQ in New York. The London-based office has been complaining about WLAN disconnections around lunch time each day. You suspect this might be interference from the staff microwave, how might you test your theory from the New York office?
- A. Ask a local member of staff to take some pictures of the microwave, including some close-ups of the door seal so that you can assess it
- B. Place one of the London APs into spectrum analyzer mode and monitor the situation over lunch time
- C. Ask a local member of staff to change the frequency of the microwave and see if the disconnections stop
- D. Access the microwave remotely and run a diagnostic check
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The best way to test the theory of microwave interference from the New York office is to use a remote spectrum analyzer. By placing one of the London APs into spectrum analyzer mode, you can capture and analyze the RF spectrum in the London office over lunch time. You can then look for any signs of microwave interference, such as high duty cycle, high amplitude, or frequency hopping on the 2.4 GHz band. This method does not require any physical access tothe microwave or any changes to its frequency. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 64
NEW QUESTION # 43
An RTS frame should be acknowledged by which frame?
- A. RTS-Ack
- B. Block Ack
- C. Ack
- D. CTS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
An RTS (Request to Send) frame should be acknowledged by a CTS (Clear to Send) frame. An RTS and CTS frame are types of control frames that are used to implement a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS. RTS/CTS is a technique that helps to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame, followed by an ACK (Acknowledgement) frame from the receiver. The other options are not correct, as they are not used to acknowledge an RTS frame. An ACK frame is used to acknowledge a data frame, not an RTS frame. An RTS-Ack frame does not exist, as there is no such type of control frame in 802.11. A Block Ack (BA) frame is used to acknowledge multiple data frames in a single frame, not an RTS frame. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167
NEW QUESTION # 44
The network administrator at ABC Engineering has taken a large packet capture from one of their APs running in monitor mode. She has very little knowledge of 802.11 protocols but would like to use the capture file to evaluate the overall health and performance of their wireless network. When she asks your advice, which tool do you recommend she opens the packet capture file with?
- A. WLAN scanner
- B. Spectrum analyzer
- C. Python
- D. Capture visualization tool
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A capture visualization tool is a software application that can open a packet capture file and display various graphs, charts, tables, and statistics that illustrate the characteristics and behavior of the wireless network. A capture visualization tool can help a network administrator with little knowledge of 802.11 protocols to evaluate the overall health and performance of their wireless network by providing a visual and intuitive representation of the captured data. A spectrum analyzer is a hardware device that measures the radio frequency signals in a given frequency range and displays their amplitude, frequency, and modulation. A spectrum analyzer can help identify sources of interference and noise in the wireless environment, but it cannot open a packet capture file. Python is a programming language that can be used to write scripts or applications that manipulate or analyze packet capture files, but it requires coding skills and knowledge of
802.11 protocols. A WLAN scanner is a software application that scans for available wireless networks and displays information such as SSID, BSSID, channel, signal strength, security type, and vendor. A WLAN scanner can help discover wireless networks and their basic parameters, but it cannot open a packet capture file345 References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 63
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.5: Use capture visualization tools
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Spectrum Analysis and Troubleshooting, page 117 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 4.1: Use spectrum analysis tools CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 33 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.2: Analyze field values
NEW QUESTION # 45
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in what type of Management Frames?
- A. Reassociation Request and Reassociation Response
- B. RRM
- C. Beacon
- D. Action
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in Action frames. An Action frame is a Management frame that is used to perform various operations or functions related to the operation or maintenance of a wireless network. An Action frame consists of a Category field that indicates the type of action being performed, and a variable-length Action Details field that contains specific information related to the action. For example, an Action frame with a Category field value of 5 indicates a Radio Measurement action, and the Action Details field may contain a Neighbor Request or a Neighbor Report subelement .
References: CWAP-404 CertifiedWireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 207; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 208; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434.
NEW QUESTION # 46
Protocol analyzers may present field values in either binary, decimal or hexadecimal. What preceeds a hexadecimal value to indicate it is hexadecimal?
- A. 0x
- B. HEX
- C. 16x
- D. %
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A hexadecimal value is a value that uses base 16 notation, which means it can have digits from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F. A hexadecimal value is usually preceded by 0x to indicate that it is hexadecimal and not decimal or binary. For example, 0x0A is hexadecimal for 10 in decimal or 00001010 in binary. The other options are not valid prefixes for hexadecimal values.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 35
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.2: Analyze field values
NEW QUESTION # 47
What interframe space would be expected between a CIS and a Data frame?
- A. DIFS
- B. AIFS
- C. PIFS
- D. SIFS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The interframe space that would be expected between a CTS (Clear to Send) and a Data frame is SIFS (Short Interframe Space). A SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs (Acknowledgements), CTSs, or data frames that are part of a fragmentation or aggregation process. A SIFS is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. A CTS and a Data frame are part of a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), which is used to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame after waiting for a SIFS, followed by an ACK frame from the receiver after another SIFS. The other options are not correct, as they are not used between a CTS and a Data frame. A PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the PCF (Point Coordination Function), which is an optional and rarely implemented polling-based mechanism that provides contention-free service for time-sensitive traffic. An AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is used for medium access by different ACs (Access Categories), which are logical queues that correspond to different QoS (Quality of Service) levels for different types of traffic. An AIFS is a variable interframe space that depends on the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value of each AC. A DIFS (Distributed Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), which is the default and mandatory contention-based mechanism that provides best-effort service for normal traffic. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167; Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 48
When performing protocol analysis, you capture an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, transmitted at MCS 8.
At what data rate was the PHY Preamble transmitted?
- A. 78 Mbps
- B. 54 Mbps
- C. 86.7 Mbps
- D. 6 Mbps
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The data rate at which the PHY preamble was transmitted is 6 Mbps. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is always transmitted at a fixed data rate that depends on the type of PPDU (e.g., OFDM, HT, VHT, HE). For an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, which uses VHT PPDUs, the data rate for the PHY preamble is 6 Mbps. This data rate does not depend on MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), which only affects the data rate for the PSDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100
NEW QUESTION # 49
Where would you look in a packet trace file to identify the configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS?
- A. In the MBR Information Element in an Association Response frame
- B. In the Minimum Basic Rate Element in a Beacon frame
- C. Supported Rates & Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame
- D. In the MBR Action frame
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS can be identified by looking at the Supported Rates and Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame. A Beacon frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to advertise its presence and capabilities to potential clients. A Beacon frame contains various information elements (IEs) that provide details about the BSS configuration and operation. The Supported Rates andExtended Supported Rates IEs list the data rates that are supported by the AP for data transmission. The MBR is the lowest data rate among these supported rates that is required for all clients to join and communicate with the BSS. The MBR is usually marked with a flag bit in these IEs to indicate its mandatory status. The other options are not correct, as they do not exist or do not indicate the MBR of a BSS. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 123-124
NEW QUESTION # 50
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